An Analysis & Evolution of Progress as Development under Inequality Approach:
“On Scientific Way of George Harris. A”
Dr. Tusharkumar Shah
Research Scientist, Data Analyst, Development Anthropologist,
GBE Research Foundation.
Abstract:
The opportunity democracy, social condition circumstances birth, culture economic systems have larger role under progress of any individual or region on based of equality or balance approach. The equality is positive while inequality represents negative approach which is mains hindrance of development or progress in any stage, any groups and any geographical context. The inequality is synonyms of difference in power, economy, society, rights, democracy, opportunities, earnings, working, living, wants as well as application of law. The George Harris (1897) has explore the micro level variable in scientifically affection consideration which are very close to real fact where diminished to different circumstances are more near to equality as higher chance for opportunities of survival and progress too.
Key Words: Progress, Inequality, Opportunity, Democracy, Society, Rights & Freedom, Human & Selection, Wants
Introduction:
The reasons of lack of progress are doesn’t change even if change 19th century to 21st where duality is every stage & each time as before & after as past & present too. The present paper has complete focus on inequalities which contended & discounted obstacles of development as progress and that’s all would differentiated narration with reference of George Harris under condition in how, where, when as well as demonstrate of different human qualities in unique varieties as that have require to adopting approach of human wellness. Thus all human needs getting advancement as progression of individual & society on the earth.
Objective:
- To Analyses Approach of Progress through Inequality
- To Evolutes & Study of Progress under centralized of Human Wellness
Methodology:
The present paper is most effort on explaining, established and testing of progress by political, economical, social and intellectual equality in society. Here, it would be most concentrate human welfare as law of human selection for satisfying different wants by unequal participant in different production process in the society. There would be efficient analysis of equalization approach in each variable which is causes of under progress of human and region too.
Major Extraction Factors:
- Condition of Equality:
The progress has prior condition of equality where inequality is downward terms which are very far from natural application when centralized in human development as welfare of human. As per George, the equality depends on constitution as provided equal in that endowments and that would make difference between human and animals.
The existing inequality is limited within civil & political equality but it has required to more gain under opportunity equally as well as more than that really exist. There would be one sides of equality under protection of law and rights to vote for rules while other sided where wide distinctions among person under social condition, possessions, intellectual, economic, opportunities as well as clean & culture. There are also existing monopoly under education, materials, aesthetic, a privilege and social value where most of persons are excluded from its while few are expecting most desire on that.
- Generation of Opportunity by Circumstances:
The Professor Harris believing to open doors of opportunity by diminishes difference of circumstances under advantage of birth & culture which favored monopolies of individuals. They also proposing to collective production & sharing of material goods as methods for equalizing work & wealth so that inequality removes.
- Readjustment of Economic System:
The human has not ultimate goal of material but entitled higher value to all men so first require to readjustment of economic system which provides sufficient maintenance & sufficient leisure for gaining intellectuals and aesthetic culture. This method is helpful under establishment of social democracy as collectivism which suggesting to not demand equal possession of material goods but require to demand equals opportunities to gain material goods under available chance with higher value which becomes possible wealthy as well.
- Difficulties of Consistencies under Democracy Level:
The development has representing transformation as transition period as like Tribe to State as well as Greece to Rome which established individual rights as freedom with modern state where larger change occurrence from ancient state under assumption of democracy with rights to protection and freedom. The Professor Harris has giving example of difference prevailing under possession, culture, taste & enjoyments even if they following the same religion or other but difference is difference between employer & labour. Thus, all events having the difference among the citizens of modern state where all children of God.
There are very difficulties to sustain complete democracy level in different areas like group members was seven under races which recognized few years ago then after reduce to five and now it agreement with three. So, it is showing to changing grouping as appropriation of setting democracy with lower arguments. The wage earner has also difference where wage earner of England or Germany has more power than partisan or any other nations. Thus, the heterogeneity and inequality of the races or men are on all the face of the earth.
- Differences Made by Natural & Man:
There are very impossible to reached beyond on equalizing because of radical reside in the constitution of men as one line as for inequalities. The man-made and natural are two main classification of difference where religion, by law, by franchise are major man-made whereas rest are by naturally.
There would be five kinds of men in the classes of wage earners, employers, statement, scholars and artists where natural inequalities are in every stratum in every class even if they has same class of employment, circumstances in whatever. There are difference between the employees, employer, work man and working man under different level which are not traceable condition as like health, education, or occupation etc. As like as two brothers has difference capabilities as well as difference under taste, preference and talents. There would be showing difference under education of children not slightly same as well as the health variation in two period of parents.
- The Struggle Moves towards Development:
The development of human race depends on struggle for existence survival for who are by mere strengths so that mainly two stages appears as struggle under social groups with one another under between tribes, people or nations in first stage. This struggle for existing of each group where some has under unity while some has struggling alone.
The another stage moves under higher than struggle of individuals for existence, higher than struggle of groups with one another and higher than mutual dependence of gregariousness as retrogression on human evolution which methods are characterized as social selection and this would process within each group and inters mixture of groups so its combination of reproduction means not a conflict process.
- The Limited Social Selection:
The Social Selection Process are classifies under sexual, military, political, legal, economic, moral and religious too. As like, Norwegian marries a German which is not self-defense in the struggle for existence but it would determine by many circumstances which makes two persons together. This one social selection is as like marriage units different nationalities, classes and temperaments which are struggle for existence both under personal and gregarious struggle.
The limited social selection as limited marriage and religion has separated people of same nation and its very unfavorable effect under reproduction of society where no prospects of most virile and intelligent citizens. The increase of the population of cities is called Urban Selection but it’s not good for rural district because it would influence to condition of living as overcrowded and unsanitary conditions so degeneration of stock but under the city it would different dimension where develop intellectual activity, promotes social intercourse.
- Nation’s Income as Ignore Individual:
The George Harris has most analyzed consequences under nation’s income which is not individual calculation where how many individual has equalized under water, lights, music, news, theaters, opera, postal, electrical & communication, transportation & other way. So national income is very fabulous appearance under figure which hiding to truth of the real participants under total production. There is questionable accounts under agriculture process and what ratio of labour participants or not.
- Needs of Social Reformers in Equality:
The school of social reformers is makes equality as important part of their programme where economic equality considers coactive production with not equal possession of wealth but approach of equality of opportunity as main conditions of social welfare & progress. The George Harris also believe to private property & incentive are indispensable which maintain that prerogatives, monopolies, privileges, inherited, possession etc means exclude many from opportunities which should be unrestricted so civil & political power distribution will play important role for exclusion.
The adventitious disabilities would be removing through talents but no any opportunity to an ignoramus as per “Napoleon” & Sorbonne faculty. They are also exploring the teaching in university would not have been an equal opportunity to al French men as well as French men could be professor who may open the door to Englishmen & Italians but not all Englishmen & Italian so opportunity would not have been universally equal but equal only for those who had necessary qualifications. Thus opportunity becomes equal when other things being equal. The author also believing to provision for universal education and employment would cover most parts under equal opportunities.
- Preference between Two Alternatives:
There would be raises questioning to how much equality is given by two opportunities so it would be problems under existing public school which is providing difficult arrange for all as forced up on all. They need to equalize it while how we believing to it create equal opportunities for all where fifty desks exactly while fifty boys and girls are seated to recite a lesson prescribed to all. So that opportunities will might open for half out of hundreds.
These would be as like subject of mathematics which is not opportunity for boy who has no turns for mathematics as well as its as like to same instruction for the same hours a day by same teachers is provided for fifty boys & girls where majority have no opportunity at all. The reason for not sufficient equality in educations educators has not solved the problem of education where method requires frequently changes, new studies introduce, and child mind is analyzed and psychological order of development too. So fact that common school education does not educate.
- Positive Education on Ground of Training:
There are require to capable to methods improve where manual training as will be added to intellectual training. The traditional educations system believes to all boys are book keeper & all girls are accountants as well as botany and geology assumes to all pupils are scientists. The ground fact that major boys are be mechanics, farmer, operatives and day labours while majority of girls are to be wives of workmen, type writer, sales women, dress makers, milliners as all distinctly distributed but it’s not in mind of educators. So education has some sort of future employments as cannot long continue collectively rather than selective which has long as after uniformity of equal opportunities.
- Education towards Individuality:
The Professor Paulsen believing to education ideal which tending towards individuality so each may taught according to his natural endowment. This would provide liberty to every individual for developing his talents according to demand of natural and it may reach to capacity of level. As like Atlanta University which focus on higher education with compulsory combination for all students in industrial training in carpentry, black smiting, lathe work in wood & iron, mechanical & architectural drawing & printing for young men while cooking, sewing, dress making, laundry works, nursing the sick as well as printing too for young women. This all cases are for education as for individual which do own work himself in shop, hospital or anywhere.
- Favoritism & Equality of Opportunity:
There are frequently seeing to most occupation & profession or works are closed for others individual so it has required to equally opening for all. That would be helpful to remove poverty by increase of wage; salaries and income with relieve the strain of hardship which obtaining to comfort, enjoyment and culture what time has demanded. The favoritism is most causes to open doors for few and close for large. This would be seeing under industrialist or business men gets same monopolies work while other doesn’t do so. Thus, unequal combination of capital and human resources are causing large inequalities where wage earner pursuits in manufacture & agriculture are increase too. There would replace these factors in some cases.
The another example of no same level of equality in the case of boy who has every opportunity may become a better educated and more cultivated than others but not as likely to become a great musician so poor talented have not opportunity to become fine musician where require to higher patroness under teachers and rich for give opportunities. The George Harris has advocating to adjustment under types of opportunity in the society so it’s become perfect opportunity on the base of characters of person, ability and energy etc…Where they find to makes opportunities at their proper level in the economic, professional and social scale.
- Suitable Opportunity by Fair Changes:
The Professor Harris has favoring to fair change is require for suitable opportunity which explaining by example of a mouse & ox may be in the same field, ranging over same area but the roots are no opportunity for ox and grass is no opportunity for mouse. Thus, there would nor education, pursuits, public provision for comforts & enjoyments are equal opportunities for unequal persons.
The fair change is suitable opportunity such that one man does what he is fitted to do may learn that which is useful to him as its rights and fitting suitable. A fair chance for one man is no chance at all for another so there are no fair equal chance for any two men on earth but its variety with human powers and capacities. The capacities and power is recognized suitable opportunity otherwise it happen like to an illiterate man to elect him as chairman of the school committee, it’s not fair opportunity.
- Variety as Measurement of Equality:
The Harris utilized “Variety” as for measurement of equality under different characteristics, capabilities and attainment of men. There is not standards measurement between equality as like successful banking is not equal to successful preaching as well as statesmanship is not equal to generalship and work of farmer is not equal to the work of engineer so there is variety under rate of equality.
The progress is increase through variety of functions and tastes under society as well as progress may observe under savagery uniformity and division of work. The main distinctions are sex, age, sized and strength while work divided in a little division. There are also observe different variety under men, women and children as contrast of advance society and that’s a first stage of “Observation”.
The second stage is called “Barbarism” which is marked by increased variety of function where some division as labour, some interchange thought, better leadership, more intellectual and aesthetic cultivation. The “Civilization” is third stage of variety which showing to greatest degree of specialization as distinct function becomes more numerous. Here, occupations are multiply under mechanical, commercial, educational, scientific, political and artistic too. This is become rudimentary societies which characterized by the likeness of equality and developed society unequally or variety.
- The Relation between Progress & Wants:
The George Harris established close relation between progress & wants with variety and corresponding inequalities at men where this condition is more advance than stagnation as like on ward movement in spite of repetition and retrogression. The progress is satisfying legitimate wants which are substantially increasing but progress has no limit as beyond the old wants. In perspective of individual progress, it has addition of an enjoyment, a knowledge, a possession, discovery, adds an accomplishment, cultivate taste, make a friend but rotation under routine of repetition as like enjoys three times meals in every day & eight hours sleep every night is most progress.
- The Supply of New Wants by New Creature:
The new wants of every time is responsible for appearance of “New Creature” and it has possibilities of further evolution and of attainment of happiness. The progress is result of consistence of increase in wants under consciousness and satisfaction of capacities and target development of men which leads to progress of individual and society with consist of accretion of knowledge, justice and beauty & goodness etc, are gained by strengthen in to felt and imperative wants. Thus, there is no limitation of development of men in satisfaction of various wants under unlimited advance society.
- The Progress Producing Variety:
This is concentrate on demand & supply of human and its participants in each one consider in section twelfth where the supply must be required in respect to demand for satisfying wants where wants are numerous which leads to maintaining supply source in various.
- Provision of Contribution:
The larger contribution in supply leads larger provision of contribution of produces for one person’s wants as like provision for one person for single day is made by numerous tailors. The food & clothing has need of labour with skills where require transportation from place to place so that supply wants by the productiveness of many hand & brain worker. The each consumer as individual himself as part as producer so each has contribution under supply of wants. It’s ultimately telling to we all are dependent on one another and become more and more dependent as increase wants increase.
The each addition of satisfaction by progress and even more variety of functions with differentiated training & pursuits so that human factors are adding up in all existing factors. It would be create more dependency under advances stage for satisfaction of own wants while money having save for spending different way such as wants, desires, taste and capacities as only reasons are birth of inequality.
- Superiority, Inferiors & Aristocracy:
The superiority is birth from on level of supply of wants where everyone have contributes their role for legitimate supply and that’s superior to others due to other dependent on him. The inferiors emerging through lower wants satisfying class compare to higher wants as like plane wants most used by intellectual, political and aesthetic whereas others having lowest want from him as inferiors. The Professor Harris explaining to condition for superior as follows:
- One at each make the most as best himself:
- Each render services of which he is capable in promoting the welfare, knowledge and enjoyments of others:
Here, Aristocracy explaining under terms of the best is superior as top level so it has required to guidance & control for making constantly progress. The aristocratic equality is altogether different from democratic equality where equality springs originally from democratic equality where equality springs originally from the circle of nobility where democratic equality has limited itself.
- Nobility & Gentility:
The Harris has describing to nobility is causes for democratic equality and nobility & gentility is not birth from hereditary under well born buts its combination of best physical & intellectual qualities. That’s qualities are defining with example of golden age of Greece where great men bore rule in politics, philosophy and art. That’s respects Harris has agree to comments of “Ammon” under mainly hindrance of progress are unfitness, misplacements and maladjustment so democracy practically achieved when it invariably selects aristocracy of merits and capacity for the highest functions and match positions to fitness all the way up and down line.
- Resentment of Superiority & Inferiority:
The Resentment of Superiority is most discontent which discourages symptoms & hindrance to progress as well as more unfavorable to the common welfare. Some social reformers believing to equality occurrence with physical strength & skill by contributes to supply of common wants.
- Admiration & Inspiration:
The Admiration and Inspiration for advancement under society where admiration creates inspirations, arouses ambition & promotes progress. The egotism and self-satisfaction is hindrance for progress where each one concentrates self wants rather than all or others. So progress is possible for individual who admires a superior but it is not possible for other agencies.
- Value & Unity:
The value is created by circumstances and those values are not same for all as like one earns wealth and wage discipline of his labour while another of study & culture while still another devote energies to teaching or preaching.
The unity has main reason which depends on unlikeness so separation & antagonism of classes in society exist due to union of unlikeness. The unique and self centered is perfect individual under perfect society as like “Shakespeare” which contains alone intellectual greatness.
The higher unity is most complex variety so that idles of person is more unique than actual persons and individual should more and more original in distinctive uniqueness. The uniqueness depends on unity while unity depends on variety which as like health of every member and health of the whole organism depends on the exercise of the appropriate function of each organ in giving & receiving. The inequality is middle term as gives personal liberty on one side and social fraternity on the other side as like exchange of ten bushels of wheat for coat.
Conclusion:
The human wellness is close connected with progress but inequality is wide obstacles for progress. The verities, unequal participant and self concentrate unequal wants are players of inequality between individual and between societies. The different limitations are under social selection process to struggle for existing are real dividers in between human and between societies even if democracy, laws as well as constitution are there. The intellectual training & fair changes for suitable opportunity is distributed under capacities & power could more genuinely and that makes applicable of wellness approach by directly supports to the progress. The man made inequality is only cause for non-progress rather than natural and that can be reduce by capacities, skills, training, knowledge, power, justice and opportunities equalize.
Bibliography:
George Harris .A, “Inequality & Progress”, Cambridge University Press, London: 1897.
George Harris, “Moral Evolution”, Houghton Mifflin, London: 1896.
George Harris, “The True Theory of Representation in a State” John Mortimer Publishers, London: 1852.
George Harris, “Doctrine of the Trinity: A Lecture by George Harris”, E. T. Whitefield, London: 1858.
George Harris, “The Harmony of Nature, Providence and Christianity: A Discourse”, Barnard-Castle, Mardon, London: 1846.
